A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , U , V , W , X , Y , Z
C'est en grande partie la réalisation du premier navigateur web
graphique appelé Mosaic par un étudiant américain de
NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing
Applications, Université d'Illinois à Hurbana Campain)
nommé Marc Andreessen et la commercialisation des logiciels qui s'en
sont inspiré, qui explique l'explosion de l'Internet à partir
des années 1995. A partir de cet instant, le navigateur devient de
plus en plus "le client Internet universel". Les dernières
générations permettent l'accès à différents
serveurs Internet: FTP,
messagerie électronique (E.Mail), Forums distribués (News),
IRC, téléphone. Ils possèdent en outre la faculté
d'exécuter du code javascript et des applets Java.
Parmi les plus connus des "browsers" citons Netscape Navigator et Communicator,
Microsoft Internet Explorer. Le terme navigateur est un terme parmi d'autres
pour qualifier ce client universel.
Synonymes: arpenteur, browser, explorateur,
feuilleteur, fouilleur, fureteur, navigateur,....
Network Device Interface Specification (network)
A programming interface for different protocols sharing the same network
hardware. The NDIS 2.0 specification is 5000 lines and seems to be written
by Microsoft and 3Com.
DDP is in the kernel. atalkd implements RTMP, Name Binding Protocol (NBP), Zone Information Protocol (ZIP), and AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) . It is the AppleTalk equivalent of Unix routed and ifconfig. There is also a client-stub library for NBP. AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) and AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) are implemented as libraries. papd allows Macs to spool to lpd or a pipe, and pap allows Unix machines to print to AppleTalk connected printers. psf is a PostScript printer filter for lpd, designed to use pap.
psorder
is a PostScript reverser, called by psf to reverse pages printed to face-up stacking printers. afpd provides Macs with an interface to the Unix file system.Netatalk offre trois services principaux :
The most important rule of netiquette is "Think before you post". If what you intend to post will not make a positive contribution to the newsgroup and be of interest to several readers, don't post it! Personal messages to one or two individuals should not be posted to newsgroups, use private e-mail instead.
When following up an article, quote the minimum necessary to give some context to your reply and be careful to attribute the quote to the right person. If the article you are responding to was posted to several groups, edit the distribution ("Newsgroups:") header to contain only those groups which are appropriate to your reply, especially if the original message was posted to one or more inappropriate groups in the first place.
Re-read and edit your posting carefully before you post. Check the spelling and grammar. Keep your lines to less than 70 characters. Don't post test messages (except to test groups) - wait until you have something to say. When posting humorous or sarcastic comments, it is conventional to append a smiley, but don't overuse them.
Before asking a question, read the messages already in the group and read the group's FAQ if it has one. When you do post a question, follow it with "please reply by mail and I will post a summary if requested" and make sure you DO post a summary if requested, or if only a few people were interested, send them a summary by mail. This avoids umpteen people posting the same answer to the group and umpteen others posting "me too"s.
If you believe someone has violated netiquette, send them a message by _private e-mail_, DO NOT post a follow-up to the news. And be polite, they may not realise their mistake, they might be a beginner or may not even have been responsible for the "crime" - their account may have been used by someone else or their address forged.
Be proud of your postings but don't post just to see your name in pixels. Remember: your future employer may be reading.
Netiquette for Usenet Site Administrators
comp: Informatique (matériels et logiciels)
news: Les news eux-mêmes
sci: Recherche scientifique (y compris les sciences sociales)
soc: Société (politique, culture, religions)
rec: Récréation (sport, arts, jeux)
talk: Discussions diverses
misc: Tout le reste
humanities: l'humanité et les arts (ex: humanities.misc) . Un seul groupe le 1 Juin 1995.
Exemple. comp.infosystems.www.users est le forum des utilisateurs de www dans la hiérarchie "systèmes d'information", elle même dans la hiérarchie "informatique"
A ces hiérarchies s'ajoutent des hiérarchies régionales ou alternatives qui reprennent pour une communauté linguistique une partie des thèmes de la hiérarchie mondiale, ou simplement n'ont pas trouvées place dans la hiérarchie officielle. Par exemple, la hiérarchie "fr" regroupe les newsgroups francophones.
Le protocole de transmission des News s'appelle nntp (Network News Transfer Protocol). Voir http://www.multimania.com/pmolinie/news/news.html. Pour accéder à une article en PostScript sur les News : ftp://ftp.univ-lyon1.fr/pub/CRU/news/doc/presentation.1.0.ps.gz.
Among the best-known are comp.lang.c (the C-language forum), comp.arch (on computer architectures), comp.Unix.wizards (for Unix wizards), rec.arts.sf-lovers (for science-fiction fans), and talk.politics.misc (miscellaneous political discussions and flamage).
<bzs@world.std.com> Barry Shein is alleged to have said, "Remember
the good old days when you could read all the group names in one day?"
This gives a good idea of the growth and size of Usenet.
See also netiquette.
Network Information Center (network, Internet)
A body that provides information, assistance and services to network users.
These will typically include telephone and electronic mail "help desk"
type services for users and network information services such as hostnames
and addresses which are accessed automatically by computers using some
client-server protocol (usually Sun's NIS). See also Network
Operations Center..
Système de commutation assurant la connexion du réseau à commutation de paquets Transpac vers aux réseaux étrangers de transmission par paquets conformes à la norme X 25.